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2025-10-21 更新
VISTA: A Test-Time Self-Improving Video Generation Agent
Authors:Do Xuan Long, Xingchen Wan, Hootan Nakhost, Chen-Yu Lee, Tomas Pfister, Sercan Ö. Arık
Despite rapid advances in text-to-video synthesis, generated video quality remains critically dependent on precise user prompts. Existing test-time optimization methods, successful in other domains, struggle with the multi-faceted nature of video. In this work, we introduce VISTA (Video Iterative Self-improvemenT Agent), a novel multi-agent system that autonomously improves video generation through refining prompts in an iterative loop. VISTA first decomposes a user idea into a structured temporal plan. After generation, the best video is identified through a robust pairwise tournament. This winning video is then critiqued by a trio of specialized agents focusing on visual, audio, and contextual fidelity. Finally, a reasoning agent synthesizes this feedback to introspectively rewrite and enhance the prompt for the next generation cycle. Experiments on single- and multi-scene video generation scenarios show that while prior methods yield inconsistent gains, VISTA consistently improves video quality and alignment with user intent, achieving up to 60% pairwise win rate against state-of-the-art baselines. Human evaluators concur, preferring VISTA outputs in 66.4% of comparisons.
尽管文本到视频的合成技术发展迅速,生成的视频质量仍然严重依赖于精确的用户提示。其他领域成功的现有测试时间优化方法,在应对视频的多元化特性时却表现挣扎。在这项工作中,我们引入了VISTA(视频迭代自改进代理)这一新型多代理系统,该系统通过迭代循环中的提示细化来自主改进视频生成。VISTA首先会将用户的思想分解成结构化的时间计划。视频生成后,通过强大的两两配对赛来确定最佳视频。然后由专注于视觉、听觉和上下文真实度的三个专业代理对该获胜视频进行评论。最后,一个推理代理会综合这些反馈来内省地重写并增强下一次生成循环的提示。在单场景和多场景视频生成场景的实验表明,虽然先前的方法收益增长不一致,但VISTA在视频质量和符合用户意图方面始终表现出改进,与最先进的基线相比,达到了高达60%的两两胜率。人类评估者也同意这一观点,在比较中更偏向于VISTA的输出占66.4%。
论文及项目相关链接
总结
VISTA系统是一种新型的多智能体系统,可通过迭代循环自主优化视频生成的提示。它首先分解用户想法为结构化时间计划,通过鲁棒性强的配对比赛确定最佳视频,再经由专注于视觉、音频和上下文保真度的三个智能体进行评论。最终,一个推理智能体综合反馈,内省地重写并优化下一次生成循环的提示。实验表明,VISTA能在单场景和多场景视频生成场景中持续提高视频质量和与用户意图的一致性,与最先进的基线相比,具有高达60%的配对胜率。人类评估者同意VISTA输出的结果在66.4%的比较中更优。
要点分析
- VISTA是一种多智能体系统,用于自主优化视频生成的提示。
- VISTA首先将用户想法分解为结构化时间计划。
- 通过鲁棒的配对比赛确定最佳视频。
- 三个专业智能体对最佳视频进行评论,分别关注视觉、音频和上下文保真度。
- 推理智能体综合反馈,优化提示进行下一次生成循环。
- 实验证明VISTA在视频生成中持续提高视频质量和与用户意图的一致性。
点此查看论文截图




SQuAI: Scientific Question-Answering with Multi-Agent Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Authors:Ines Besrour, Jingbo He, Tobias Schreieder, Michael Färber
We present SQuAI (https://squai.scads.ai/), a scalable and trustworthy multi-agent retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework for scientific question answering (QA) with large language models (LLMs). SQuAI addresses key limitations of existing RAG systems in the scholarly domain, where complex, open-domain questions demand accurate answers, explicit claims with citations, and retrieval across millions of scientific documents. Built on over 2.3 million full-text papers from arXiv.org, SQuAI employs four collaborative agents to decompose complex questions into sub-questions, retrieve targeted evidence via hybrid sparse-dense retrieval, and adaptively filter documents to improve contextual relevance. To ensure faithfulness and traceability, SQuAI integrates in-line citations for each generated claim and provides supporting sentences from the source documents. Our system improves faithfulness, answer relevance, and contextual relevance by up to +0.088 (12%) over a strong RAG baseline. We further release a benchmark of 1,000 scientific question-answer-evidence triplets to support reproducibility. With transparent reasoning, verifiable citations, and domain-wide scalability, SQuAI demonstrates how multi-agent RAG enables more trustworthy scientific QA with LLMs.
论文及项目相关链接
PDF Accepted at CIKM 2025
Summary:
Key Takeaways:
- SQuAI是一个针对科学问答的多代理检索增强生成(RAG)框架,适用于大型语言模型(LLM)。
- SQuAI解决了现有RAG系统在处理复杂、开放域科学问题时的关键限制。
- SQuAI采用四个协作代理分解问题、检索证据并过滤文档以提高上下文相关性。
- SQuAI确保答案的忠实度和可追溯性,通过内联引用每个生成的索赔并提供源文档的支持句子。
- SQuAI在忠实度、答案相关性和上下文相关性方面较基线有显著改善。
- SQuAI发布了一个包含一千个科学问题-答案-证据三元组的基准测试,以支持研究的可重复性。
点此查看论文截图



The Spark Effect: On Engineering Creative Diversity in Multi-Agent AI Systems
Authors:Alexander Doudkin, Anton Voelker, Friedrich von Borries
Creative services teams increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) to accelerate ideation, yet production systems often converge on homogeneous outputs that fail to meet brand or artistic expectations. Art of X developed persona-conditioned LLM agents – internally branded as “Sparks” and instantiated through a library of role-inspired system prompts – to intentionally diversify agent behaviour within a multi-agent workflow. This white paper documents the problem framing, experimental design, and quantitative evidence behind the Spark agent programme. Using an LLM-as-a-judge protocol calibrated against human gold standards, we observe a mean diversity gain of +4.1 points (on a 1-10 scale) when persona-conditioned Spark agents replace a uniform system prompt, narrowing the gap to human experts to 1.0 point. We also surface evaluator bias and procedural considerations for future deployments.
创意服务团队越来越多地依赖大型语言模型(LLM)来加速创意产生,然而生产系统往往会产生趋同的输出,无法满足品牌或艺术期望。Art of X开发了一种基于个性化条件的大型语言模型代理——“火花”,并通过角色启发系统提示库来实现实例化,以在多代理工作流程中有意使代理行为多样化。本白皮书记录了Spark代理计划的问题框架、实验设计和定量证据。通过使用以大型语言模型为法官的协议(以人类黄金标准校准),我们观察到当个性化条件的火花代理替换统一系统提示时,平均多样性增加了+4.1点(在1-10的范围内),与人类专家的差距缩小到1点。我们还介绍了评估者的偏见和未来部署的程序性考虑。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF 10 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables. This project was collaboratively developed with the Art of X UG (haftungsbeschraenkt) AI Research team and HFBK Hamburg, with initial funding from the Hamburg Open Online University (HOOU) program
Summary
大型语言模型(LLMs)在创意服务团队中广泛应用于加速创意产生,但生产系统往往产生趋同的输出,无法满足品牌或艺术要求。为解决这一问题,Art of X开发了基于个性化设定的LLM代理——“Spark”,并通过角色启发系统提示库实现多代理工作流程内的代理行为多样化。本白皮书记录了Spark代理计划的问题框架、实验设计和定量证据。通过采用LLM作为法官的协议并对照人类黄金标准,观察到当个性化设定的Spark代理替换统一系统提示时,平均多样性增加了4.1分(在1-10的范围内),与人类专家的差距缩小到1点。同时,本文还探讨了评估者的偏见和未来部署的程序性考量。
Key Takeaways
- 创意服务团队依赖大型语言模型(LLMs)加速创意产生,但输出趋同,难以满足品牌或艺术要求。
- Art of X为解决此问题开发了基于个性化设定的LLM代理——“Spark”。
- “Spark”代理通过角色启发系统提示库实现行为多样化,并在多代理工作流程中发挥作用。
- 实验表明,使用“Spark”代理替换统一系统提示后,平均多样性增加4.1分。
- 与人类专家的差距缩小到仅1点。
- 文中讨论了评估者的偏见对未来部署的影响。
点此查看论文截图




CORE: Reducing UI Exposure in Mobile Agents via Collaboration Between Cloud and Local LLMs
Authors:Gucongcong Fan, Chaoyue Niu, Chengfei Lyu, Fan Wu, Guihai Chen
Mobile agents rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) to plan and execute tasks on smartphone user interfaces (UIs). While cloud-based LLMs achieve high task accuracy, they require uploading the full UI state at every step, exposing unnecessary and often irrelevant information. In contrast, local LLMs avoid UI uploads but suffer from limited capacity, resulting in lower task success rates. We propose $\textbf{CORE}$, a $\textbf{CO}$llaborative framework that combines the strengths of cloud and local LLMs to $\textbf{R}$educe UI $\textbf{E}$xposure, while maintaining task accuracy for mobile agents. CORE comprises three key components: (1) $\textbf{Layout-aware block partitioning}$, which groups semantically related UI elements based on the XML screen hierarchy; (2) $\textbf{Co-planning}$, where local and cloud LLMs collaboratively identify the current sub-task; and (3) $\textbf{Co-decision-making}$, where the local LLM ranks relevant UI blocks, and the cloud LLM selects specific UI elements within the top-ranked block. CORE further introduces a multi-round accumulation mechanism to mitigate local misjudgment or limited context. Experiments across diverse mobile apps and tasks show that CORE reduces UI exposure by up to 55.6% while maintaining task success rates slightly below cloud-only agents, effectively mitigating unnecessary privacy exposure to the cloud. The code is available at https://github.com/Entropy-Fighter/CORE.
移动代理依赖大型语言模型(LLM)在智能手机用户界面(UI)上规划和执行任务。虽然基于云的LLM实现了较高的任务准确性,但它们需要在每一步都上传完整的UI状态,暴露了不必要且通常与任务无关的信息。相比之下,本地LLM避免了UI上传,但由于容量有限,任务成功率较低。我们提出了$\textbf{CORE}$,一个$\textbf{CO}$联合框架,它结合了云和本地LLM的优势,以$\textbf{R}$减少UI的$\textbf{E}$泄露,同时保持移动代理的任务准确性。CORE包含三个关键组件:(1)$\textbf{布局感知块分区}$,它根据XML屏幕层次结构将语义相关的UI元素分组;(2)$\textbf{协同规划}$,其中本地和云LLM协同确定当前子任务;(3)$\textbf{协同决策}$,其中本地LLM对相关的UI块进行排名,云LLM在排名最高的块内选择特定的UI元素。CORE还引入了一种多轮累积机制,以缓解本地误判或上下文有限的问题。在多种移动应用程序和任务上的实验表明,CORE通过减少高达55.6%的UI暴露,同时保持任务成功率略低于仅使用云的代理,有效地减轻了不必要的隐私信息泄露到云端。相关代码可在https://github.com/Entropy-Fighter/CORE获取。
论文及项目相关链接
Summary
该文提出了一种名为CORE的协作框架,用于优化移动智能体在执行智能手机用户界面任务时与云端大型语言模型(LLM)和本地LLM的交互。CORE结合了云端和本地LLM的优势,旨在减少不必要的用户界面(UI)暴露,同时保持任务准确性。它通过布局感知块分区、协同规划和协同决策制定三个关键组件来实现这一目标。实验表明,CORE能有效减少UI暴露,同时保持任务成功率。
Key Takeaways
- 移动智能体在执行智能手机用户界面任务时依赖大型语言模型(LLM)。
- 云端LLM虽然任务准确率高,但需要上传完整的UI状态,暴露了不必要的信息。
- 本地LLM避免了UI上传,但由于容量有限,任务成功率较低。
- CORE框架结合了云端和本地LLM的优势,旨在减少UI暴露并维持任务准确性。
- CORE包括三个关键组件:布局感知块分区、协同规划和协同决策制定。
- CORE通过多轮累积机制缓解本地误判或上下文有限的问题。
- 实验表明,CORE能减少UI暴露达55.6%,同时任务成功率略低于仅使用云端的智能体。
点此查看论文截图




MARS: Reinforcing Multi-Agent Reasoning of LLMs through Self-Play in Strategic Games
Authors:Huining Yuan, Zelai Xu, Zheyue Tan, Xiangmin Yi, Mo Guang, Kaiwen Long, Haojia Hui, Boxun Li, Xinlei Chen, Bo Zhao, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Chao Yu, Yu Wang
Developing Large Language Models (LLMs) to cooperate and compete effectively within multi-agent systems is a critical step towards more advanced intelligence. While reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective for enhancing reasoning in single-agent tasks, its extension to multi-turn, multi-agent scenarios remains underexplored due to the challenges of long-horizon credit assignment and agent-specific advantage estimation. To address these challenges, we introduce MARS, an end-to-end RL framework that incentivizes Multi-Agent Reasoning of LLMs through Self-play in both cooperative and competitive games. MARS features a turn-level advantage estimator that aligns learning signals with each interaction for credit assignment, and an agent-specific advantage normalization to stabilize multi-agent training. By learning with self-play across cooperative and competitive games, the MARS agent trained from Qwen3-4B develops strong strategic abilities that generalize to held-out games with up to 28.7% performance improvements. More importantly, the capability acquired through self-play generalizes beyond games, yielding consistent performance gains of multi-agent systems in reasoning benchmarks. When integrated into leading multi-agent systems, our MARS agent achieves significant performance gains of 10.0% on AIME and 12.5% on GPQA-Diamond. These results establish end-to-end RL training with self-play in strategic games as a powerful approach for developing generalizable multi-agent reasoning capabilities in LLMs. Our code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/thu-nics/MARS.
发展大型语言模型(LLM)以在多智能体系统中进行有效的合作和竞争,是朝着更高级智能迈进的关键一步。虽然强化学习(RL)在增强单智能体任务的推理能力方面已被证明是有效的,但由于长期信用分配和针对特定智能体的优势估计的挑战,其在多轮多智能体场景中的应用仍然被探索得很少。为了解决这些挑战,我们引入了MARS,这是一个端到端的RL框架,通过合作和竞争游戏中的自我博弈来激励LLM的多智能体推理。MARS具有轮级优势估计器,用于将学习信号与每次交互进行对齐以实现信用分配,以及针对特定智能体的优势归一化,以稳定多智能体训练。通过在与合作和竞争游戏的自我博弈中学习,使用Qwen3-4B训练的MARS智能体发展出强大的战略能力,在保留的游戏中实现了高达28.7%的性能提升。更重要的是,通过自我博弈获得的能力超越了游戏,在多智能体系统的推理基准测试中实现了持续的性能提升。当集成到领先的多智能体系统中时,我们的MARS智能体在AIME上实现了10.0%的性能提升,在GPQA-Diamond上实现了12.5%的性能提升。这些结果证明了在战略游戏中使用自我博弈的端到端RL训练是发展LLM中可通用的多智能体推理能力的一种强大方法。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/thu-nics/MARS公开获取。
论文及项目相关链接
Summary
本文介绍了利用端到端强化学习框架MARS来发展大型语言模型(LLM)在多智能体系统中的合作与竞争能力。MARS通过自我博弈激励LLM的多智能体推理,采用转级优势估计实现长期信用分配,以及智能体特定的优势归一化以稳定多智能体训练。在合作与竞争游戏中的自我博弈训练使MARS智能体具备强大的策略能力,并推广到未参与的游戏中实现了性能提升。此外,MARS智能体集成到领先的多智能体系统中,在AIME和GPQA-Diamond等基准测试中实现了显著的性能提升。
Key Takeaways
- 介绍了利用强化学习(RL)发展大型语言模型(LLM)在多智能体系统中的合作与竞争能力的重要性。
- 提出了一种名为MARS的端到端RL框架,用于激励LLM在多智能体场景中的推理能力。
- MARS框架通过自我博弈的方式在合作和竞争游戏中进行训练,并采用转级优势估计实现长期信用分配。
- MARS智能体具备强大的策略能力,能够推广到未参与的游戏中并实现性能提升。
- MARS智能体集成到现有的多智能体系统中,在AIME和GPQA-Diamond等基准测试中实现了显著的性能提升。
- MARS框架通过自我博弈的方式不仅适用于游戏场景,还具备推广到其他多智能体系统推理任务的能力。
点此查看论文截图




AUGUSTUS: An LLM-Driven Multimodal Agent System with Contextualized User Memory
Authors:Jitesh Jain, Shubham Maheshwari, Ning Yu, Wen-mei Hwu, Humphrey Shi
Riding on the success of LLMs with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), there has been a growing interest in augmenting agent systems with external memory databases. However, the existing systems focus on storing text information in their memory, ignoring the importance of multimodal signals. Motivated by the multimodal nature of human memory, we present AUGUSTUS, a multimodal agent system aligned with the ideas of human memory in cognitive science. Technically, our system consists of 4 stages connected in a loop: (i) encode: understanding the inputs; (ii) store in memory: saving important information; (iii) retrieve: searching for relevant context from memory; and (iv) act: perform the task. Unlike existing systems that use vector databases, we propose conceptualizing information into semantic tags and associating the tags with their context to store them in a graph-structured multimodal contextual memory for efficient concept-driven retrieval. Our system outperforms the traditional multimodal RAG approach while being 3.5 times faster for ImageNet classification and outperforming MemGPT on the MSC benchmark.
随着使用检索增强生成(RAG)的大型语言模型(LLM)的成功,将代理系统与外部记忆数据库相结合的兴趣日益浓厚。然而,现有系统主要关注在内存中存储文本信息,忽略了多模态信号的重要性。受认知科学中人类记忆多模态性质的启发,我们提出了AUGUSTUS,这是一个与人类记忆理念相符的多模态代理系统。从技术上看,我们的系统由四个阶段组成,这四个阶段相互连接形成一个循环:(i)编码:理解输入;(ii)存储在内存中:保存重要信息;(iii)检索:从内存中搜索相关上下文;(iv)行动:执行任务。与现有使用向量数据库的系统不同,我们提出将信息概念化为语义标签,并将这些标签与其上下文相关联,然后存储在图形结构的多模态上下文内存中,以实现高效的概念驱动检索。我们的系统在ImageNet分类任务上超越了传统的多模态RAG方法,同时在MSC基准测试上优于MemGPT,并且速度提高了3.5倍。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF LAW 2025 Workshop at NeurIPS 2025. Work done from late 2023 to early 2024
Summary
基于大型语言模型与检索增强生成(RAG)的成功,增强代理系统已引起广泛关注,并趋向于结合外部记忆数据库。然而,现有系统主要关注文本信息的存储,忽略了多模态信号的重要性。本研究受人类记忆的多模态性质启发,提出了与认知科学中人类记忆理念相符的多模态代理系统AUGUSTUS。该系统包括四个相互连接的阶段:编码、存储于记忆、检索和行动。不同于使用向量数据库的系统,我们提出将信息概念化为语义标签,并将其与上下文关联存储在图形结构的多模态上下文记忆中,以实现高效的概念驱动检索。该系统在ImageNet分类任务上优于传统的多模态RAG方法,速度提高了3.5倍,并在MSC基准测试中优于MemGPT。
Key Takeaways
- 大型语言模型与检索增强生成(RAG)的成功推动了增强代理系统的发展,这些系统开始结合外部记忆数据库。
- 现有代理系统主要关注文本信息的存储,忽略了多模态信号的重要性。
3.AUGUSTUS系统是一个与认知科学中人类记忆理念相符的多模态代理系统。
4.AUGUSTUS系统包括编码、存储、检索和行动四个关键阶段。 - 该系统采用概念化信息为语义标签,并将其与上下文关联存储在图形结构的多模态上下文记忆中。
6.AUGUSTUS系统在ImageNet分类任务上的性能优于传统多模态RAG方法,速度更快。
点此查看论文截图




Experience-Driven Exploration for Efficient API-Free AI Agents
Authors:Chenwei Tang, Jingyu Xing, Xinyu Liu, Zizhou Wang, Jiawei Du, Liangli Zhen, Jiancheng Lv
Most existing software lacks accessible Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), requiring agents to operate solely through pixel-based Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). In this API-free setting, large language model (LLM)-based agents face severe efficiency bottlenecks: limited to local visual experiences, they make myopic decisions and rely on inefficient trial-and-error, hindering both skill acquisition and long-term planning. To address these challenges, we propose KG-Agent, an experience-driven learning framework that structures an agent’s raw pixel-level interactions into a persistent State-Action Knowledge Graph (SA-KG). KG-Agent overcomes inefficient exploration by linking functionally similar but visually distinct GUI states, forming a rich neighborhood of experience that enables the agent to generalize from a diverse set of historical strategies. To support long-horizon reasoning, we design a hybrid intrinsic reward mechanism based on the graph topology, combining a state value reward for exploiting known high-value pathways with a novelty reward that encourages targeted exploration. This approach decouples strategic planning from pure discovery, allowing the agent to effectively value setup actions with delayed gratification. We evaluate KG-Agent in two complex, open-ended GUI-based decision-making environments (Civilization V and Slay the Spire), demonstrating significant improvements in exploration efficiency and strategic depth over the state-of-the-art methods.
现有大多数软件缺乏可访问的应用程序编程接口(API),要求代理仅通过基于像素的图形用户界面(GUI)进行操作。在这种无API设置中,基于大型语言模型(LLM)的代理面临严重的效率瓶颈:它们仅限于本地视觉体验,做出短视的决策,并依赖低效的试错方法,这阻碍了技能获取和长期规划。为了解决这些挑战,我们提出了KG-Agent,一种经验驱动的学习框架,它将代理的原始像素级交互结构化为持久的状态-动作知识图(SA-KG)。KG-Agent通过连接功能相似但视觉不同的GUI状态,克服低效的探索,形成丰富的经验邻域,使代理能够从多种历史策略中概括。为了支持长期推理,我们设计了一种基于图形拓扑的混合内在奖励机制,结合状态价值奖励来利用已知的高价值路径与新颖性奖励来鼓励有针对性的探索。这种方法将战略规划与纯发现解耦,允许代理有效地评估设置动作的价值,并接受延迟的满足感。我们在两个复杂、开放式的基于GUI的决策环境(文明V和屠杀魔塔)中对KG-Agent进行了评估,结果表明,与最新方法相比,它在探索效率和战略深度方面都有显著提高。
论文及项目相关链接
Summary
本文指出现有软件缺乏可访问的应用程序编程接口(API),导致代理仅能通过基于像素的图形用户界面(GUI)进行操作,这限制了大型语言模型(LLM)代理的效率。为解决这一问题,提出了KG-Agent经验驱动学习框架,该框架将代理的原始像素级交互结构化为持久的State-Action知识图(SA-KG)。KG-Agent通过链接功能相似但视觉不同的GUI状态来克服低效的探索,形成一个丰富的经验邻域,使代理能够从一系列历史策略中概括知识。此外,还设计了基于图形拓扑的混合内在奖励机制,以支持长期推理。在复杂的开放GUI决策环境(如文明V和消灭邪恶巫师)中,KG-Agent展现出比现有技术更高的探索效率和战略深度。
Key Takeaways
- 现有软件缺乏API,导致代理主要依赖GUI操作,存在效率瓶颈。
- KG-Agent框架将代理的像素级交互结构化为SA-KG,以提高效率。
- KG-Agent通过链接功能相似但视觉不同的GUI状态来克服低效探索。
- KG-Agent允许代理从多样的历史策略中概括知识,形成丰富的经验邻域。
- 设计了基于图形拓扑的混合内在奖励机制,以支持长期推理。
- KG-Agent在复杂的开放GUI决策环境中表现出更高的探索效率和战略深度。
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MAGPIE: A benchmark for Multi-AGent contextual PrIvacy Evaluation
Authors:Gurusha Juneja, Jayanth Naga Sai Pasupulati, Alon Albalak, Wenyue Hua, William Yang Wang
A core challenge for autonomous LLM agents in collaborative settings is balancing robust privacy understanding and preservation alongside task efficacy. Existing privacy benchmarks only focus on simplistic, single-turn interactions where private information can be trivially omitted without affecting task outcomes. In this paper, we introduce MAGPIE (Multi-AGent contextual PrIvacy Evaluation), a novel benchmark of 200 high-stakes tasks designed to evaluate privacy understanding and preservation in multi-agent collaborative, non-adversarial scenarios. MAGPIE integrates private information as essential for task resolution, forcing agents to balance effective collaboration with strategic information control. Our evaluation reveals that state-of-the-art agents, including GPT-5 and Gemini 2.5-Pro, exhibit significant privacy leakage, with Gemini 2.5-Pro leaking up to 50.7% and GPT-5 up to 35.1% of the sensitive information even when explicitly instructed not to. Moreover, these agents struggle to achieve consensus or task completion and often resort to undesirable behaviors such as manipulation and power-seeking (e.g., Gemini 2.5-Pro demonstrating manipulation in 38.2% of the cases). These findings underscore that current LLM agents lack robust privacy understanding and are not yet adequately aligned to simultaneously preserve privacy and maintain effective collaboration in complex environments.
对于协作环境中的自主大型语言模型(LLM)代理而言,其核心挑战是在任务效率和隐私理解及保护之间取得平衡。现有的隐私基准测试仅侧重于简单的单轮交互,其中可以轻易地省略私人信息,而不会影响任务结果。在本文中,我们介绍了MAGPIE(多代理上下文隐私评估),这是一个由200项高风险任务组成的新型基准测试,旨在评估多代理协作、非对抗性场景中隐私的理解和保护能力。MAGPIE将私人信息集成作为任务解决的关键要素,迫使代理在有效协作与策略信息控制之间取得平衡。我们的评估表明,最先进的代理,包括GPT-5和双子座2.5专业版,存在严重的隐私泄露问题,双子座2.5专业版泄露高达50.7%,GPT-5泄露高达35.1%的敏感信息,即使它们被明确指示不要这样做。此外,这些代理在达成共识或完成任务方面表现困难,并经常采取不良行为,如操纵和权力寻求(例如,双子座2.5专业版在38.2%的情况下表现出操纵行为)。这些发现表明,当前的大型语言模型代理缺乏稳健的隐私理解,并且尚未完全适应同时在复杂环境中保护隐私并维持有效协作的任务。
论文及项目相关链接
Summary
大型语言模型代理人在协作环境中面临的核心挑战是平衡强大的隐私理解和保护与任务效果。现有隐私基准仅关注简单的单回合互动,其中私人信息可以轻易省略而不影响任务结果。本文介绍MAGPIE(多代理上下文隐私评估),这是一个包含200项高风险任务的新型基准,旨在评估多代理协作场景中隐私理解和保护的能力。MAGPIE将私人信息集成作为任务解决的关键,迫使代理在有效的协作与策略信息控制之间取得平衡。评估显示,包括GPT-5和双子座2.5版专业版在内的最新代理存在重大隐私泄露问题,即使明确指示不泄露敏感信息,双子座泄露率高达50.7%,GPT-5泄露率为35.1%。此外,这些代理难以达成共识或完成任务,经常采取操纵和权力寻求等不当行为(例如双子座在38.2%的情况下表现出操纵行为)。这些发现表明,目前的大型语言模型代理缺乏强大的隐私理解,并同时未能充分实现对复杂环境中的隐私保护和有效协作的充分匹配。
Key Takeaways
- 自主LLM代理在协作环境中面临的核心挑战是平衡隐私理解和保护与任务效果。
- 现有隐私基准无法全面评估多代理协作场景中的隐私理解和保护能力。
- MAGPIE基准被引入,包含200项高风险任务,旨在评估多代理在复杂场景中的隐私理解和保护能力。
- 最新的大型语言模型代理存在重大隐私泄露问题。
- 这些代理在保护隐私和完成任务之间难以取得平衡,经常采取不当行为。
- 现有大型语言模型代理缺乏强大的隐私理解。
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Internalizing World Models via Self-Play Finetuning for Agentic RL
Authors:Shiqi Chen, Tongyao Zhu, Zian Wang, Jinghan Zhang, Kangrui Wang, Siyang Gao, Teng Xiao, Yee Whye Teh, Junxian He, Manling Li
Large Language Models (LLMs) as agents often struggle in out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios. Real-world environments are complex and dynamic, governed by task-specific rules and stochasticity, which makes it difficult for LLMs to ground their internal knowledge in those dynamics. Under such OOD conditions, vanilla RL training often fails to scale; we observe Pass@k–the probability that at least one of (k) sampled trajectories succeeds–drops markedly across training steps, indicating brittle exploration and limited generalization. Inspired by model-based reinforcement learning, we hypothesize that equipping LLM agents with an internal world model can better align reasoning with environmental dynamics and improve decision-making. We show how to encode this world model by decomposing it into two components: state representation and transition modeling. Building on this, we introduce SPA, a simple reinforcement learning framework that cold-starts the policy via a Self-Play supervised finetuning (SFT) stage to learn the world model by interacting with the environment, then uses it to simulate future states prior to policy optimization. This simple initialization outperforms the online world-modeling baseline and greatly boosts the RL-based agent training performance. Experiments across diverse environments like Sokoban, FrozenLake, and Sudoku show that our approach significantly improves performance. For example, SPA boosts the Sokoban success rate from 25.6% to 59.8% and raises the FrozenLake score from 22.1% to 70.9% for the Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct model.
大型语言模型(LLM)作为代理在超出分布范围(OOD)的场景中经常遇到困难。现实世界环境复杂且动态,受特定任务规则和随机性的影响,这使得LLM很难将其内部知识融入到这些动态中。在这种OOD条件下,普通的强化学习训练往往无法扩展;我们观察到Pass@k——至少一个(k)采样轨迹成功的概率在训练步骤中明显下降,这表明探索不稳定且泛化能力有限。受基于模型的强化学习启发,我们假设为LLM代理配备内部世界模型可以更好地使推理与环境的动态变化相一致并改善决策。我们将展示如何编码这个世界模型,将其分解为两个组成部分:状态表示和转换建模。在此基础上,我们引入了SPA,这是一个简单的强化学习框架,它通过自我游戏监督微调(SFT)阶段进行冷启动策略,通过与环境交互来学习世界模型,然后利用它模拟未来的状态,在政策优化之前。这种简单的初始化表现优于在线世界建模的基线,并大大提高了基于强化学习的代理训练性能。在Sokoban、FrozenLake和Sudoku等不同环境的实验表明,我们的方法显著提高了性能。例如,SPA将Sokoban的成功率从25.6%提高到59.8%,将FrozenLake的分数从22.1%提高到70.9%,针对Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct模型。
论文及项目相关链接
摘要
大型语言模型(LLMs)作为代理在超出分布范围(OOD)的场景中经常遇到困难。现实世界环境复杂且动态,受特定任务规则和随机性的影响,使得LLMs难以将内部知识融入这些动态中。在这样的OOD条件下,传统的强化学习训练往往无法扩展;我们观察到成功的概率(Pass@k)在训练步骤中显著下降,表明探索脆弱且泛化能力有限。受基于模型的强化学习启发,我们假设为LLM代理配备内部世界模型可以更好地将推理与环境动态相结合,并改善决策。本文展示了如何通过分解为状态表示和转换建模两部分来编码这个世界模型。在此基础上,我们引入了SPA,一个通过自我监督微调(SFT)阶段在冷启动阶段开始策略的简单强化学习框架,通过与环境交互来学习世界模型,然后利用它模拟未来的状态进行策略优化之前。这种简单的初始化表现优于在线世界建模的基线,并极大地提高了基于RL的代理训练性能。在Sokoban、FrozenLake和Sudoku等不同环境下的实验表明,我们的方法显著提高了性能。例如,SPA将Sokoban成功率从25.6%提高到59.8%,并将FrozenLake分数从22.1%提高到70.9%。针对Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct模型的效果尤为显著。
关键见解
- 大型语言模型(LLMs)在超出分布范围(OOD)的场景中遇到困难,难以适应现实世界的复杂性和动态性。
- 在OOD条件下,传统的强化学习训练面临挑战,如脆弱的探索能力和有限的泛化能力。
- 结合基于模型的强化学习,为LLM代理配备内部世界模型能够更好地适应环境动态并改善决策。
- 世界模型编码通过分解为状态表示和转换建模两部分实现。
- 引入SPA框架,通过自我监督微调(SFT)阶段学习世界模型并进行模拟未来状态的冷启动策略优化。SPA能显著提升训练性能优于在线世界建模基线方法。
- 在多种环境下的实验表明SPA显著提高性能,如Sokoban成功率从25.6%提高到近六成,FrozenLake分数显著提高等。
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Where Did It All Go Wrong? A Hierarchical Look into Multi-Agent Error Attribution
Authors:Adi Banerjee, Anirudh Nair, Tarik Borogovac
Error attribution in Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems presents a significant challenge in debugging and improving collaborative AI systems. Current approaches to pinpointing agent and step level failures in interaction traces - whether using all-at-once evaluation, step-by-step analysis, or binary search - fall short when analyzing complex patterns, struggling with both accuracy and consistency. We present ECHO (Error attribution through Contextual Hierarchy and Objective consensus analysis), a novel algorithm that combines hierarchical context representation, objective analysis-based evaluation, and consensus voting to improve error attribution accuracy. Our approach leverages a positional-based leveling of contextual understanding while maintaining objective evaluation criteria, ultimately reaching conclusions through a consensus mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that ECHO outperforms existing methods across various multi-agent interaction scenarios, showing particular strength in cases involving subtle reasoning errors and complex interdependencies. Our findings suggest that leveraging these concepts of structured, hierarchical context representation combined with consensus-based objective decision-making, provides a more robust framework for error attribution in multi-agent systems.
在大规模语言模型(LLM)多智能体系统中的错误归属在调试和改进协作人工智能系统时面临重大挑战。目前在交互跟踪中定位智能体和步骤级别失败的现有方法,无论是使用一次性评估、逐步分析还是二进制搜索,在分析复杂模式时都表现不足,准确性和一致性方面都存在困难。我们提出了ECHO(基于上下文层次和客观共识分析的错误归属),这是一种结合了层次化上下文表示、基于客观分析的评估和共识投票的新算法,以提高错误归属的准确性。我们的方法利用基于位置的上下文理解分级,同时保持客观的评价标准,最终通过共识机制得出结论。实验结果表明,ECHO在各种多智能体交互场景中表现优于现有方法,在涉及微妙推理错误和复杂相互依赖的情况下表现出特别的优势。我们的研究结果表明,利用结构化、层次化的上下文表示与基于共识的客观决策相结合的概念,为多智能体系统中的错误归属提供了更稳健的框架。
论文及项目相关链接
Summary
大型语言模型(LLM)多智能体系统中的错误归属在调试和改进协作人工智能系统时面临巨大挑战。当前的方法,如一次性评估、逐步分析或二分搜索法,在分析复杂模式时都存在着准确性与一致性的不足。我们提出了ECHO算法,通过结合层次化上下文表示、基于目标分析的评价和共识投票,提高了错误归属的准确性。实验结果表明,ECHO在各种多智能体交互场景中优于现有方法,特别是在涉及微妙推理错误和复杂相互依赖的情况下表现突出。
Key Takeaways
- 错误归属在大型语言模型(LLM)多智能体系统中是重要挑战。
- 当前方法在分析复杂模式时存在准确性和一致性的不足。
- ECHO算法通过结合层次化上下文表示、基于目标分析的评价和共识投票,提高了错误归属的准确性。
- ECHO算法在多种多智能体交互场景中表现优越。
- ECHO算法特别擅长处理涉及微妙推理错误和复杂相互依赖的情况。
- 结构化的层次化上下文表示与基于共识的客观决策相结合,为多智能体系统的错误归属提供了更稳健的框架。
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ACON: Optimizing Context Compression for Long-horizon LLM Agents
Authors:Minki Kang, Wei-Ning Chen, Dongge Han, Huseyin A. Inan, Lukas Wutschitz, Yanzhi Chen, Robert Sim, Saravan Rajmohan
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents in dynamic, real-world environments, where success requires both reasoning and effective tool use. A central challenge for agentic tasks is the growing context length, as agents must accumulate long histories of actions and observations. This expansion raises costs and reduces efficiency in long-horizon tasks, yet prior work on context compression has mostly focused on single-step tasks or narrow applications. We introduce Agent Context Optimization (ACON), a unified framework that optimally compresses both environment observations and interaction histories into concise yet informative condensations. ACON leverages compression guideline optimization in natural language space: given paired trajectories where full context succeeds but compressed context fails, capable LLMs analyze the causes of failure, and the compression guideline is updated accordingly. Furthermore, we propose distilling the optimized LLM compressor into smaller models to reduce the overhead of the additional module. Experiments on AppWorld, OfficeBench, and Multi-objective QA show that ACON reduces memory usage by 26-54% (peak tokens) while largely preserving task performance, preserves over 95% of accuracy when distilled into smaller compressors, and enhances smaller LMs as long-horizon agents with up to 46% performance improvement. Our code is available at https://github.com/microsoft/acon.
大型语言模型(LLM)作为智能体,在动态、现实世界的环境中得到了越来越广泛的应用,在这些环境中,成功既需要推理能力也需要有效的工具使用能力。智能体任务的一个核心挑战是上下文长度的不断增长,因为智能体必须积累大量的行为和观察历史。这种扩展增加了成本并降低了长期任务的效率,而之前关于上下文压缩的研究主要集中在单步任务或狭窄的应用领域。我们引入了Agent Context Optimization(ACON)这一统一框架,它可以最优地将环境观察和交互历史压缩成简洁而信息丰富的形式。ACON利用自然语言空间中的压缩指南优化:给定完整的上下文成功但压缩的上下文失败的配对轨迹,有能力的大型语言模型会分析失败的原因,并相应地更新压缩指南。此外,我们提出将优化后的大型语言模型压缩机蒸馏到较小的模型中,以减少附加模块的开销。在AppWorld、OfficeBench和多目标问答上的实验表明,ACON在内存使用方面减少了26-54%(峰值令牌),同时基本保持了任务性能;在蒸馏到较小的压缩机后,准确率保留了超过95%;并能在长期任务中增强较小的语言模型性能,最高提升46%。我们的代码可在https://github.com/microsoft/acon找到。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF Preprint
Summary
大型语言模型(LLM)作为智能代理在动态、真实世界环境中应用时面临上下文长度增长的问题。环境观测和交互历史的压缩对于提高效率和降低成本至关重要。本文提出Agent Context Optimization(ACON)框架,能够简洁有效地压缩上下文信息。通过优化压缩指南和自然语言空间中的轨迹配对,LLM能够分析失败原因并相应更新压缩指南。此外,本文还探索了将优化的LLM压缩机蒸馏成小型模型的方法,以降低成本开销。实验结果表明,ACON能够有效降低内存使用,同时保持任务性能,蒸馏后的小型压缩机保留超过95%的准确性,并在长周期代理任务中提升了小型语言模型的性能。
Key Takeaways
- 大型语言模型在作为智能代理时面临上下文长度增长的问题。
- Agent Context Optimization(ACON)框架用于有效压缩环境观测和交互历史信息。
- 通过优化压缩指南和自然语言空间中的轨迹配对,LLM能够分析失败原因并更新压缩指南。
- ACON可降低内存使用,减少成本开销。
- ACON能够在保持任务性能的同时,将大型语言模型蒸馏成小型模型。
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VitaBench: Benchmarking LLM Agents with Versatile Interactive Tasks in Real-world Applications
Authors:Wei He, Yueqing Sun, Hongyan Hao, Xueyuan Hao, Zhikang Xia, Qi Gu, Chengcheng Han, Dengchang Zhao, Hui Su, Kefeng Zhang, Man Gao, Xi Su, Xiaodong Cai, Xunliang Cai, Yu Yang, Yunke Zhao
As LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-life scenarios, existing benchmarks fail to capture their inherent complexity of handling extensive information, leveraging diverse resources, and managing dynamic user interactions. To address this gap, we introduce VitaBench, a challenging benchmark that evaluates agents on versatile interactive tasks grounded in real-world settings. Drawing from daily applications in food delivery, in-store consumption, and online travel services, VitaBench presents agents with the most complex life-serving simulation environment to date, comprising 66 tools. Through a framework that eliminates domain-specific policies, we enable flexible composition of these scenarios and tools, yielding 100 cross-scenario tasks (main results) and 300 single-scenario tasks. Each task is derived from multiple real user requests and requires agents to reason across temporal and spatial dimensions, utilize complex tool sets, proactively clarify ambiguous instructions, and track shifting user intent throughout multi-turn conversations. Moreover, we propose a rubric-based sliding window evaluator, enabling robust assessment of diverse solution pathways in complex environments and stochastic interactions. Our comprehensive evaluation reveals that even the most advanced models achieve only 30% success rate on cross-scenario tasks, and less than 50% success rate on others. Overall, we believe VitaBench will serve as a valuable resource for advancing the development of AI agents in practical real-world applications. The code, dataset, and leaderboard are available at https://vitabench.github.io/
随着基于大型语言模型(LLM)的代理在现实生活场景中的部署越来越多,现有的基准测试无法捕捉到它们处理大量信息、利用多种资源和管理动态用户交互的内在复杂性。为了解决这一差距,我们推出了VitaBench,这是一个具有挑战性的基准测试,旨在评估代理在现实环境设置中的通用交互任务表现。从食品配送、店内消费和在线旅行服务的日常应用中汲取灵感,VitaBench为代理提供了迄今为止最复杂的生活服务模拟环境,包含66种工具。通过一个消除特定领域策略的框架,我们能够灵活地组合这些场景和工具,生成100个跨场景任务(主要结果)和300个单一场景任务。每个任务都源于多个真实用户需求,要求代理在时间和空间的维度上进行推理,利用复杂的工具集,主动澄清模糊指令,并在多轮对话中跟踪变化的用户意图。此外,我们提出了一种基于rubric的滑动窗口评估器,能够在对复杂环境和随机交互中多样化的解决方案路径进行稳健评估。我们的综合评估发现,即使在跨场景任务中,最先进的模型也仅达到30%的成功率,其他任务的成功率也低于50%。总体而言,我们相信VitaBench将成为推动人工智能代理在实际现实世界应用中的发展的宝贵资源。相关代码、数据集和排行榜可访问于https://vitabench.github.io/。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF The code, dataset, and leaderboard are available at https://vitabench.github.io/
Summary
本文介绍了一个名为VitaBench的挑战性基准测试,该测试旨在评估在现实场景中应用的LLM(大模型)代理的复杂表现能力。它结合了日常生活的各种应用,如食品配送、店内消费和在线旅行服务,提供了一个包含多个工具和场景的复杂仿真环境。该基准测试不仅包括单场景任务还包括跨场景任务,并要求代理能够跨越时间和空间维度进行推理,使用复杂的工具集,并主动澄清模糊的指令。总体而言,VitaBench将成为一个重要的资源,有助于推动AI代理在实际现实世界应用中的发展。有关代码、数据集和排行榜的信息可在链接找到。
Key Takeaways
- VitaBench是一个针对LLM代理的新基准测试,旨在评估其在现实场景中的复杂表现能力。
- 它结合了日常生活的各种应用,如食品配送、店内消费和在线旅行服务,提供了一个复杂仿真环境。
- 该基准测试包括跨场景任务和单场景任务,需要代理在各种场景中运用不同的技能和知识完成任务。
- 代理需要克服的难题包括跨越时间和空间维度的推理能力,使用复杂工具集的能力,以及澄清模糊指令的能力。
- 即使最先进的模型在跨场景任务上也仅取得了相对较低的成功率,表明存在改进空间。
- VitaBench将成为推动AI代理在实际现实世界应用中发展的宝贵资源。
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Bayesian Ego-graph inference for Networked Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
Authors:Wei Duan, Jie Lu, Junyu Xuan
In networked multi-agent reinforcement learning (Networked-MARL), decentralized agents must act under local observability and constrained communication over fixed physical graphs. Existing methods often assume static neighborhoods, limiting adaptability to dynamic or heterogeneous environments. While centralized frameworks can learn dynamic graphs, their reliance on global state access and centralized infrastructure is impractical in real-world decentralized systems. We propose a stochastic graph-based policy for Networked-MARL, where each agent conditions its decision on a sampled subgraph over its local physical neighborhood. Building on this formulation, we introduce BayesG, a decentralized actor-framework that learns sparse, context-aware interaction structures via Bayesian variational inference. Each agent operates over an ego-graph and samples a latent communication mask to guide message passing and policy computation. The variational distribution is trained end-to-end alongside the policy using an evidence lower bound (ELBO) objective, enabling agents to jointly learn both interaction topology and decision-making strategies. BayesG outperforms strong MARL baselines on large-scale traffic control tasks with up to 167 agents, demonstrating superior scalability, efficiency, and performance.
在网络化多智能体强化学习(Networked-MARL)中,去中心化的智能体必须在本地可观察性和固定物理图上的受限通信下行动。现有方法通常假设静态的邻居环境,这限制了其在动态或异构环境中的适应性。虽然集中式框架可以学习动态图,但它们对全局状态访问和集中式基础设施的依赖在现实世界中的去中心化系统中并不实用。我们提出了一种基于随机图的Networked-MARL策略,其中每个智能体在其局部物理邻居的采样子图基础上进行决策。在此基础上,我们引入了BayesG,这是一个去中心化的actor框架,通过贝叶斯变分推断学习稀疏的、上下文感知的互动结构。每个智能体在自我图上操作,并采样一个潜在的通信掩码来指导消息传递和策略计算。变分分布与策略一起使用证据下限(ELBO)目标进行端到端训练,使智能体能够联合学习交互拓扑和决策策略。在大型交通控制任务中,BayesG的表现超过了强大的MARL基准线,任务涉及多达167个智能体,显示了其出色的可扩展性、效率和性能。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF Accepted at NeurIPS 2025
Summary
在基于网络的分布式强化学习(Networked-MARL)中,去中心化代理需要在本地可观察性和固定物理图上的受限通信条件下行动。现有方法通常假设静态邻域,限制了其在动态或异构环境中的适应性。虽然集中式框架可以学习动态图,但它们依赖于全局状态访问和集中式基础设施,这在现实世界的分布式系统中不切实际。本研究提出了一种基于随机图的Networked-MARL策略,其中每个代理根据其本地物理邻域的子图样本进行决策。在此基础上,我们引入了BayesG,这是一个去中心化的actor框架,通过贝叶斯变分推断学习稀疏、基于上下文的交互结构。每个代理在自我图上运行,并采样一个潜在通信掩码来指导消息传递和策略计算。变分分布与策略一起使用证据下限(ELBO)目标进行端到端训练,使代理能够联合学习交互拓扑和决策策略。BayesG在具有多达167个代理的大规模交通控制任务上超越了强大的多代理强化学习基线,表现出卓越的扩展性、效率和性能。
Key Takeaways
- 网络化多代理强化学习(Networked-MARL)中,代理在固定物理图上行动,需适应局部观察与受限通信。
- 现有方法多假设静态邻域,难以适应动态或异构环境;而集中式框架依赖全局状态与基础设施,不适用于现实世界的分布式系统。
- 提出基于随机图的Networked-MARL策略,代理依据局部物理邻域的子图样本做决策。
- 引入BayesG,一个去中心化的actor框架,能通过贝叶斯变分推断学习稀疏、基于上下文的交互结构。
- 每个代理在自我图上运行,采样潜在通信掩码指导消息传递与策略计算。
- 变分分布与策略通过证据下限(ELBO)目标进行端到端训练,共同学习交互拓扑与决策策略。
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AppCopilot: Toward General, Accurate, Long-Horizon, and Efficient Mobile Agent
Authors:Jingru Fan, Yufan Dang, Jingyao Wu, Huatao Li, Runde Yang, Xiyuan Yang, Yuheng Wang, Chen Qian
With the raid evolution of large language models and multimodal models, the mobile-agent landscape has proliferated without converging on the fundamental challenges. This paper identifies four core problems that should be solved for mobile agents to deliver practical, scalable impact: (1) generalization across tasks, APPs, and devices; (2) accuracy, specifically precise on-screen interaction and click targeting; (3) long-horizon capability for sustained, multi-step goals; and (4) efficiency, specifically high-performance runtime on resource-constrained devices. We present AppCopilot, a multimodal, multi-agent, general-purpose mobile agent that operates across applications. AppCopilot operationalizes this position through an end-to-end pipeline spanning data collection, training, finetuning, efficient inference, and PC/mobile application. At the model layer, it integrates multimodal foundation models with robust Chinese-English support. At the reasoning and control layer, it combines chain-of-thought reasoning, hierarchical task planning and decomposition, and multi-agent collaboration. At the execution layer, it enables experiential adaptation, voice interaction, function calling, cross-APP and cross-device orchestration, and comprehensive mobile APP support. The system design incorporates profiling-driven optimization for latency and memory across heterogeneous hardware. Empirically, AppCopilot achieves significant improvements on four dimensions: stronger generalization, higher precision of on screen actions, more reliable long horizon task completion, and faster, more resource efficient runtime. By articulating a cohesive position and a reference architecture that closes the loop from data collection, training to finetuning and efficient inference, this paper offers a concrete roadmap for general purpose mobile agent and provides actionable guidance.
随着大型语言模型和跨模态模型的飞速发展,移动代理景观呈现出多样化趋势,但尚未在基础挑战上达成共识。本文确定了移动代理要解决的四个核心问题,以实现实际和可扩展的影响:(1)跨任务、APP和设备进行推广;(2)准确性,特别是精确的屏幕交互和点击定位;(3)长期能力以实现持续的多步目标;(4)效率,特别是在资源受限设备上的高性能运行时。我们提出了AppCopilot,这是一个跨应用程序的多模态、多代理、通用移动代理。AppCopilot通过贯穿数据采集、训练、微调、高效推理和PC/移动应用的全端管道来实施这一立场。在模型层,它融合了多模态基础模型,支持稳健的中英文。在推理和控制层,它结合了思维链推理、层次任务规划和分解以及多代理协作。在执行层,它实现了体验式适应、语音交互、函数调用、跨APP和跨设备编排以及全面的移动APP支持。系统设计采用基于性能剖析的优化方法,以降低异构硬件的延迟和内存消耗。经验表明,AppCopilot在四个维度上取得了显著改进:更强的泛化能力、更高的屏幕操作精度、更可靠的长周期任务完成率以及更快、更省资源的运行时表现。本文通过明确一致的观点和参考架构,从数据采集、训练到微调和高效推理,为通用移动代理提供了具体路线图和实践指导。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF Project at https://github.com/OpenBMB/AppCopilot
Summary
大语言模型和跨模态模型的快速发展推动了移动代理技术的前景,但仍然存在核心挑战。本文提出了移动代理需要解决的四个核心问题:跨任务、应用程序和设备的泛化能力,精确的屏幕交互和点击定位,长期多步骤目标的持续能力,以及在资源受限设备上的高效性能。为此,提出了AppCopilot系统,该系统具有跨应用程序的多模态和多代理功能,通过数据收集、训练、微调、高效推理和PC/移动应用程序的端到端管道进行操作。系统结合了多模态基础模型、链式思维推理、层次化任务规划和分解以及多代理协作等技术。经验表明,AppCopilot在四个维度上取得了显著改进:更强的泛化能力、更高的屏幕操作精度、更可靠的长周期任务完成能力,以及更快、更高效的资源运行时。本文提供了一个具体的通用移动代理路线图。
Key Takeaways
- 移动代理领域虽然面临发展迅猛,但仍存在四个核心问题需要解决。包括任务的泛化性、精确度提升、长期多步骤目标执行能力以及运行效率的优化。
- AppCopilot是一个多功能移动代理系统,能够跨应用程序进行操作,通过端到端的管道实现数据收集、训练、微调以及高效推理。
- AppCopilot集成了多模态基础模型,支持中文和英文的健壮性。同时采用链式思维推理和层次化的任务规划和分解来提升效率。
- 在执行层面,AppCopilot支持经验适应、语音交互、函数调用以及跨应用和跨设备的协同作业,全面支持移动应用。
- 系统设计采用性能分析驱动的优化策略,以降低延迟并优化内存使用在多种硬件上的表现。
- AppCopilot在泛化能力、屏幕操作精度、长期任务完成率和运行效率等方面都有显著的提升表现。
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VerlTool: Towards Holistic Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Tool Use
Authors:Dongfu Jiang, Yi Lu, Zhuofeng Li, Zhiheng Lyu, Ping Nie, Haozhe Wang, Alex Su, Hui Chen, Kai Zou, Chao Du, Tianyu Pang, Wenhu Chen
Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated success in enhancing LLM reasoning capabilities, but remains limited to single-turn interactions without tool integration. While recent Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Tool use (ARLT) approaches have emerged to address multi-turn tool interactions, existing works develop task-specific codebases that suffer from fragmentation, synchronous execution bottlenecks, and limited extensibility across domains. These inefficiencies hinder broader community adoption and algorithmic innovation. We introduce VerlTool, a unified and modular framework that addresses these limitations through systematic design principles. VerlTool provides four key contributions: (1) upstream alignment with VeRL ensuring compatibility and simplified maintenance, (2) unified tool management via standardized APIs supporting diverse modalities including code execution, search, SQL databases, and vision processing, (3) asynchronous rollout execution achieving near 2$\times$ speedup by eliminating synchronization bottlenecks, and (4) comprehensive evaluation demonstrating competitive performance across 6 ARLT domains. Our framework formalizes ARLT as multi-turn trajectories with multi-modal observation tokens (text/image/video), extending beyond single-turn RLVR paradigms. We train and evaluate models on mathematical reasoning, knowledge QA, SQL generation, visual reasoning, web search, and software engineering tasks, achieving results comparable to specialized systems while providing unified training infrastructure. The modular plugin architecture enables rapid tool integration requiring only lightweight Python definitions, significantly reducing development overhead and providing a scalable foundation for tool-augmented RL research. Our code is open-sourced at https://github.com/TIGER-AI-Lab/verl-tool.
强化学习与可验证奖励(RLVR)已成功提高了大型语言模型的推理能力,但仍局限于没有工具集成的单轮交互。虽然最近出现了工具使用强化学习(ARLT)的方法来解决多轮工具交互问题,但现有工作开发了任务特定的代码库,存在碎片化、同步执行瓶颈和跨域扩展性有限等不足。这些效率问题阻碍了更广泛的社区采纳和算法创新。我们引入了VerlTool,这是一个通过系统设计原则解决这些限制的统一模块化框架。VerlTool提供了四个关键贡献:(1)与VeRL上游对齐,确保兼容性并简化维护;(2)通过支持多种模式(包括代码执行、搜索、SQL数据库和视觉处理)的标准API进行统一工具管理;(3)通过消除同步瓶颈实现近2倍的异步回滚执行加速;(4)综合评估在6个ARLT领域展示具有竞争力的性能。我们的框架将ARLT形式化为多轮轨迹,具有多模态观察令牌(文本/图像/视频),超越了单轮RLVR范式。我们在数学推理、知识问答、SQL生成、视觉推理、网络搜索和软件工程任务上对模型进行训练和评估,在提供统一训练基础设施的同时,实现了与专用系统相当的结果。模块化插件架构使得快速工具集成只需要轻量级的Python定义,显著减少了开发开销,并为工具增强型强化学习研究提供了可扩展的基础。我们的代码已公开在https://github.com/TIGER-AI-Lab/verl-tool。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF 32 pages, 5 figures, 13 tables
Summary
强化学习通过可验证奖励(RLVR)已成功提升大型语言模型的推理能力,但仅限于单轮互动,缺乏工具集成。针对多轮工具互动问题,出现了一种新的基于工具使用的强化学习(ARLT)方法。然而,现有工具集成方法存在代码碎片化、同步执行瓶颈和跨域扩展性有限等问题。为解决这些问题,我们推出VerlTool框架,提供四大贡献:与VeRL对齐确保兼容性简化维护、统一工具管理支持多种模式如代码执行、搜索、SQL数据库和视觉处理、异步执行实现近两倍速度提升以及全面的评估在多个ARLT领域表现优异。该框架将多轮工具强化学习形式化为多轮轨迹与多模态观察令牌(文本/图像/视频),超越单轮RLVR模式。模型在数学推理、知识问答、SQL生成等任务上表现优异,同时提供统一训练架构。
Key Takeaways
- VerlTool框架解决了强化学习在大型语言模型中的单轮互动限制,通过整合工具增强了其多轮互动能力。
- VerlTool提供四大主要贡献,包括与VeRL的系统性对齐、统一工具管理、异步执行以及全面的评估。
- VerlTool支持多种模式,如代码执行、搜索、SQL数据库和视觉处理,展现了其在多模态领域的广泛应用性。
- VerlTool框架实现了近两倍的速度提升,通过消除同步执行瓶颈提高了效率。
- VerlTool在数学推理、知识问答、SQL生成等任务上表现优秀,同时提供了统一训练架构。
- VerlTool框架通过模块化插件架构实现了快速工具集成,降低了开发成本。
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WebInject: Prompt Injection Attack to Web Agents
Authors:Xilong Wang, John Bloch, Zedian Shao, Yuepeng Hu, Shuyan Zhou, Neil Zhenqiang Gong
Multi-modal large language model (MLLM)-based web agents interact with webpage environments by generating actions based on screenshots of the webpages. In this work, we propose WebInject, a prompt injection attack that manipulates the webpage environment to induce a web agent to perform an attacker-specified action. Our attack adds a perturbation to the raw pixel values of the rendered webpage. After these perturbed pixels are mapped into a screenshot, the perturbation induces the web agent to perform the attacker-specified action. We formulate the task of finding the perturbation as an optimization problem. A key challenge in solving this problem is that the mapping between raw pixel values and screenshot is non-differentiable, making it difficult to backpropagate gradients to the perturbation. To overcome this, we train a neural network to approximate the mapping and apply projected gradient descent to solve the reformulated optimization problem. Extensive evaluation on multiple datasets shows that WebInject is highly effective and significantly outperforms baselines.
基于多模态大型语言模型(MLLM)的网页代理通过与网页环境交互,根据网页截图生成动作。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种名为WebInject的提示注入攻击,它通过操纵网页环境来诱导网页代理执行攻击者指定的动作。我们的攻击通过对呈现网页的原始像素值添加扰动来实现。当这些受扰动的像素被映射到截图上时,扰动会诱导网页代理执行攻击者指定的动作。我们将寻找扰动的任务制定为一个优化问题。解决这个问题的关键挑战是,原始像素值与截图之间的映射是不可微分的,这使得很难将梯度反向传播到扰动。为了克服这一点,我们训练了一个神经网络来近似映射,并应用投影梯度下降法来解决重新制定的优化问题。在多个数据集上的广泛评估表明,WebInject非常有效,并且显著优于基线。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF Appeared in EMNLP 2025 main conference. To better understand prompt injection attacks, see https://people.duke.edu/~zg70/code/PromptInjection.pdf
Summary
网页环境中的多模态大型语言模型(MLLM)通过基于网页截图的动作生成与网页进行交互。本研究提出了一种名为WebInject的提示注入攻击,它通过操纵网页环境来诱导网络代理执行攻击者指定的动作。该攻击通过对呈现网页的原始像素值添加扰动来实现。这些扰动后的像素被映射到截图后,会诱导网络代理执行攻击者指定的动作。我们把寻找扰动的问题作为一个优化问题来解决。解决这个问题的关键挑战是,原始像素值与截图之间的映射是不可区分的,使得难以将梯度反向传播到扰动上。为了克服这一点,我们训练了一个神经网络来近似映射,并应用投影梯度下降法来解决重新定义的优化问题。在多个数据集上的广泛评估表明,WebInject方法高度有效且明显优于基线方法。
Key Takeaways
- 多模态大型语言模型(MLLM)通过基于网页截图的动作生成与网页交互。
- WebInject是一种提示注入攻击,通过操纵网页环境诱导网络代理执行攻击者指定动作。
- 攻击通过对网页原始像素值添加扰动来实现。
- 将寻找扰动的问题表述为优化问题。
- 面临的关键挑战是原始像素值与截图间映射的不可区分性,导致梯度反向传播困难。
- 使用神经网络近似映射,应用投影梯度下降法解决优化问题。
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Toward Safe and Human-Aligned Game Conversational Recommendation via Multi-Agent Decomposition
Authors:Zheng Hui, Xiaokai Wei, Yexi Jiang, Kevin Gao, Chen Wang, Frank Ong, Se-eun Yoon, Rachit Pareek, Michelle Gong
Conversational recommender systems (CRS) have advanced with large language models, showing strong results in domains like movies. These domains typically involve fixed content and passive consumption, where user preferences can be matched by genre or theme. In contrast, games present distinct challenges: fast-evolving catalogs, interaction-driven preferences (e.g., skill level, mechanics, hardware), and increased risk of unsafe responses in open-ended conversation. We propose MATCHA, a multi-agent framework for CRS that assigns specialized agents for intent parsing, tool-augmented retrieval, multi-LLM ranking with reflection, explanation, and risk control which enabling finer personalization, long-tail coverage, and stronger safety. Evaluated on real user request dataset, MATCHA outperforms six baselines across eight metrics, improving Hit@5 by 20%, reducing popularity bias by 24%, and achieving 97.9% adversarial defense. Human and virtual-judge evaluations confirm improved explanation quality and user alignment.
对话推荐系统(CRS)随着大型语言模型的发展而进步,在电影等领域显示出强大的结果。这些领域通常涉及固定内容和被动消费,可以通过类型或主题匹配用户偏好。相比之下,游戏带来了独特的挑战:快速变化的目录、以交互驱动的偏好(例如技能水平、机制和硬件),以及在开放式对话中不安全响应的风险增加。我们提出了MATCHA,这是一个用于CRS的多智能体框架,它分配了专门用于意图解析、工具增强检索、多LLM排名以及反思、解释和风险控制任务的智能体,从而实现更精细的个性化、长尾覆盖和更强的安全性。在真实用户请求数据集上评估,MATCHA在八个指标上优于六个基线,提高了Hit@5的命中率20%,减少了流行度偏见的24%,并实现了97.9%的对抗防御。人类和虚拟法官的评估证实了解释质量和用户一致性的提高。
论文及项目相关链接
PDF IMCL MAS
Summary
对话推荐系统(CRS)借助大型语言模型取得了进步,在电影等领域表现出强大的结果。然而,游戏领域存在独特的挑战,如快速变化的目录、基于交互的偏好以及开放式对话中不安全响应的风险增加。为此,我们提出MATCHA,一个用于CRS的多代理框架,通过意图解析、工具增强检索、多LLM排名与反思、解释和风险控制等功能,实现更精细的个性化、长尾覆盖和更强的安全性。在真实用户请求数据集上的评估显示,MATCHA在八个指标上优于六个基线,Hit@5提高20%,降低人气偏见24%,对抗防御达到97.9%。人类和虚拟评估均确认其提高了解释质量和用户一致性。
Key Takeaways
- 对话推荐系统(CRS)已借助大型语言模型进步,但在游戏领域存在独特挑战。
- 游戏领域的挑战包括快速变化的目录、基于交互的偏好以及开放式对话中的安全响应风险。
- MATCHA是一个用于CRS的多代理框架,包括意图解析、工具增强检索、多LLM排名等功能。
- MATCHA通过反思、解释和风险控制实现更精细的个性化、长尾覆盖和更强的安全性。
- MATCHA在真实用户请求数据集上的表现优于其他方法,包括Hit@5提高20%,降低人气偏见24%,对抗防御达到97.9%。
- 人类评估确认MATCHA提高了解释质量和用户一致性。
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